Luteolin is a natural flavonoid belonging to the flavone class, widely found in various fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants such as carrots, peppers, broccoli, thyme, and parsley. It has a yellow crystalline appearance and acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound.
In relation to prostate cancer, luteolin shows promising therapeutic potential based on both preclinical and clinical evidence:
- Anti-cancer properties: Luteolin exhibits anti-tumor effects by inhibiting cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Specifically, it suppresses angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow) through downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and associated signaling pathways. This activity reduces tumor vascularization and slows prostate tumor progression[previous conversation].
- Clinical safety and early efficacy: A small phase I clinical trial in men with low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer found daily oral luteolin supplementation (50 mg) safe and showed indications of disease stabilization or improvement in some patients, associated with molecular changes that reduce androgen receptor expression, a key driver in prostate cancer progression[previous conversation].
- Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant: Beyond its direct cancer effects, luteolin stabilizes mast cells to reduce histamine release, combats oxidative stress, and inhibits key inflammatory pathways (NF-κB, COX-2, cytokines). These contribute to its broader health benefits that support immune function and reduce inflammation, which are relevant to cancer prevention and general health.
- Bioavailability challenges: Luteolin has limited water solubility and oral bioavailability, which can limit effectiveness. Advanced formulations such as liposomes and nano-carriers are being developed to improve its absorption and therapeutic impact.
This makes luteolin a well-tolerated natural compound with multi-faceted biological activities, including promising anti-prostate cancer potential either as a complementary agent or under further clinical study.